Biostatistics Confounders

Internet and ebooks for references please.

 

Answer the question and discuss.

 

Thank you for your response this module. I appreciate your background on confounders – so what is the solution? What can we do about them? If anything?

 

**The question was asked due to what was written.

 

 

 “Evidence shows that smoking is one of the leading causes of lung cancer. An increase in tobacco use over a period of time has been associated with an increase in the incidence of lung cancer. Consequently, a decrease in tobacco use is associated with a decrease in the incidence of lung cancer (Malhotra et al. 2016). Additionally, researchers have identified several variants underlying cancers related to smoking. According to these findings, individuals with certain chromosomal variants show a significant association with lung cancer (Ma & Li, 2017). Based on these findings, genetics is a cofounding factor to smoking that causes lung cancer. Besides, while smoking increases one’s risk of lung cancer, genetics also has the same effects. Researchers have identified a region of chromosome 15 that undergoes mutations increasing the risk of lung cancer. Therefore, smokers who have this mutation have an even higher risk of developing lung cancer than smokers who lack this mutation (Chapman et al. 2016). 

           In recent years, non-smoking-related lung cancer has been proven to be independent and different from tobacco-associated lung cancer. The genes identified in never-smokers include KRAS mutations and ROS1 fusion among others (Gou et al. 2015). Cells usually divide, grow and die. However, some genes can trigger cells to continue growing resulting in the development of cancer. Some individuals have genes that mutate thus raising their chances of acquiring lung cancer. Other individuals inherit these genes from their parents, however, this rarely occurs. Individuals who have these mutations have an increased risk of getting lung cancer even if they are not smokers. Additionally, individuals with these mutations may find it difficult to clear cancer-causing chemicals from tobacco after smoking thus, increasing their chances of developing lung cancer (Nazario, 2020).”

 

 

 

 

 

 

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